历史学家用材料来划分时代.docVIP

绪 论 Preface Development of Materials A society’s ability to develop and use materials is a measure of both its technical sophistication and its technological future. Materials have been central to the growth, prosperity, security and quality of life of human beings since the beginning of history. 历史学家用材料来划分时代： 石器时代 （Stone Age） 公元前10万年 新石器时代（New Stone Age） 公元前1万年 青铜时代（Bronze Age） 公元前3000年 铁器时代 （Iron Age） 公元前1000年 水泥时代 公元0年 钢时代 1800年 硅时代 1950年 新材料时代 1990年 The Definition of Materials Science and Engineering Materials science and engineering is an interdisciplinary field concerned with inventing new materials and improving known materials by developing a deeper understanding of the microstructure-composition-synthesis-processing relationships. In materials science, the emphasis is on the underlying relationship between the synthesis and processing, structure and properties of materials. In materials engineering, the focus is on how to translate or transform materials into a useful device or structure. The term composition means the chemical make-up of a material; The term structure means a description of the arrangement of atoms, as seen at different levels of structure. The term synthesis refers to how materials are made from naturally occuring or man-made chemicals. The term processing means how materials are shaped into useful components to cause changes in the properties of different materials. The broad field of materials science and engineering seeks to explain and control one or more of the four basic elements, these four elements were shown at the apicies of a tetrahedron to indicate the importance of the interelationships of the elements, each with other. Fig. 0.1 the apicies of a tetrahedron of materials science and engineering 材料科学： 是一门研究材料成分、结构、组织和性能以及它们之 间关系的科学。 材料工程： 是工程中的一个领域，包括从材料设计、选用、制造、加工、工艺、质量控制与检测、工程应用及失效分析全过程。其目的在于经济地，而又为社会所能接受地控制材料的结构、性能和形状。