计算机英语 教学课件 作者 杨芸 主编 杨 蕾 李连弟 副主编 unit14.pptVIP

Unit Fourteen Network Applications Network Applications DNS----Domain Name System Programs rarely refer to hosts，mailboxes，and other resources by their binary network addresses. Instead of binary numbers，they use ASCII strings，such as tana@. Never- theless，the network itself only understands binary address，so some mechanism is required to convert the ASCII strings to network addresses. To follow，we will study how this mapping is accomplished in the Internet. Way back in the ARPANET，there was simply a file，hosts，txt，that listed all the hosts and their IP addresses. Every night，all the hosts would fetch it from the site at which it was main- tained. For a network of a few hundred large timesharing machines，this approach worked rea- sonably well. However，when thousands of workstations were connected to the net，everyone realized that this approach could not continue to work forever. For one thing，the size of the file would become too large. However，even more important，host name conflicts would occur constantly unless names were centrally managed，something unthinkable in a huge international network. To solve these problems，DNS was invented. The essence of DNS is the invention of a hierarchical，domain-based naming scheme and a distributed database system for implementing this naming scheme. It is primarily used for map- ping host names and email destinations to IP addresses，but can also be used for other purposes. DNS is defined in RFCs 1034 and 1035. Very briefly，the way DNS is used is as follows. To map a name onto an IP address，an application program calls a library procedure called the resolver，passing it the name as a para- meter. The resolver sends a UDP packet to a local DNS server，which then looks up the name and returns the IP address to the resolver，which then returns it to the caller. Armed with the IP ad- dress，the program can then establish a TCP connection with the destination，or send it UDP packets. What’s E-Mai