化工分离过程最好的讲义-1.pptVIP

化工分离过程(Chemical Separation Processes) 对原料〔如石油、煤、生物质等〕原料进行化学或物理加工加工，改变物质的结构或组成，或合成新物质,获得各种有用产品的制造工业称为化学工业． 　　 Chemical process is a chemical engineering units in which raw materials are changed or separated into usefull products 　　 The separation process is a chemical engineering units to Separate chemical mixtures into their constituents 两种或多种物质的混合过程是一个自发过程，而将混合物分离须采用分离手段并消耗一定的能量或分离剂，分离技术系指利用物理，化学或物理化学等基本原理与方法将某种混合物分离成两个或多个组成彼此不同的产物的一种单元过程． 为化学反应过程提供符合要求的原料，清除对反应和催化剂有害的杂质，减少副反应的发生，提高产品的收率。 对化学反应中的反应产物进行分离提纯，得到合格的各种化工产品，同时使未反应的反应物循环利用 分离过程在环境保护和充分利用资源、实现可持续发展方面也具有重要的作用。 　　　利用机械力简单的将两相混合物相互分离的过程称为机械分离过程，他们的分离对象多为两相混合物，分离时相间没有物质传递发生，它们在化学工程中也有很重要的作用，如气固催化反应中固体催化剂的分离。但本课程不讨论这方面的内容。 Partial condensation, partial vaporization 1 Feed mixture: species that differ widely in their tendency to vaporize or condense. 2 Heat removed to partially condense a vapor feed and heat added to partially vaporize liquid feed. 3 Principle of separation: difference in volatilities 4 Created phase: liquid and/or vapor 5 Separating agent: heat (ESA) Flash vaporization Partial vaporization by reducing the pressure of the feed. Principle of separation: difference in volatilities Created phase: vapor Separating agent: pressure reduction Distillation If volatility differences are not sufficiently large single partial vaporization or condensation step is not sufficient ? multiple stages Principle of separation: difference in volatilities Created or added phase: vapor and liquid Separating agent: heat (work) transfer (ESA) Extractive Distillation If volatility differences are so small as to necessitate use of more than 100 trays. Principle of separation: difference in volatilities Created or added phase: vapor and liquid Separating agent: liquid solvent (MSA) and heat transfer (ESA) Reboiled Absorption If condensation of vapor leaving the top of the distillation column is not easily accomplished by heat transfer, a liquid MSA called an absorben