W(初级)-00 WCDMA系统原理概述.ppt

* 开环发射分集：STTD和TSTD 闭环发射分集：借助FBI * * * * 下行：手机通过识别各小区的扰码来区分WCDMA的不同小区 上行：不同用户直接以扰码区分 OVSF码的自相关性不好，不利于多径识别，因此要用到加扰，实现自相关。 * 上行共有224个长扰码 下行共218-1 =262143个扰码，只用0...8191号的扰码，512个组，每组16个码字，1个主扰码，15个次扰码； 512个主扰码分为64组，每组8个主扰码。 下行使用信道码区分用户，每个扰码对应一棵信道码树，每个用户可以使用小区主扰码加扰，如果该小区内的用户超过了一定的数目，就必须考虑使用次扰码加扰。 * CDMA2000采用m序列作为随机序列 * WCDMA采用Gold作为随机序列 * At the receiver, as the codes are different and are known, only the power of the intended user is de-spread. After despreading (decoding), correct data recovery requires a given value for the Eb to No ratio. Under this Eb/No ratio the noise will generate too many errors. The noise is mainly generated by the other users transmitting at the same time and at the same frequency but using different spreading codes. Therefore, in order not to cross this maximal noise level, all the users have to share their power: In WCDMA the Time-Frequency plane is not divided among the mobile subscribers as is done in TDMA or FDMA. So the common shared resource is power. The de-spreading process gives processing gain proportional to the bandwidth of the spreading signal. The larger the spreading factor, the larger the gain. This means that by using a larger spreading factor, we can reduce the power (and therefore the background noise). Thanks to this property, spread signals can operate at negative signal-to-noise ratios provided that they possess enough gain. Example: The narrow-band signal requires an Eb/No of 12 dB to achieve a certain bit-error rate performance. What is the required Ec/Io, knowing that the processing gain is 20 dB? (=12-20) * 经过扩频，信号的速率提高，就意味着信号的带宽的扩展，即扩频后的信号变成了宽带信号，信号的强度降低。 扩频信号在无线信号传送的过程中，将有干扰信号引入，包括热噪声和其他用户的干扰等。 经过解扩，有用的用户信号恢复为扩频前的信号，信号速率降低，信号强度提高。而干扰信号的强度不会改变，可以使用滤波器将干扰信号滤出。 这样，信号通过扩频，提高了抗干扰能力，增强了信号在空间传送过程中的保密性和可靠性。 * 当多个路径上的反射波的相位发生抵消时，接收到的信号功率大幅度地下降 RAKE接收机所作的就是： 通过多个相关检测器接收多径信号中的各路信号，只要各径信号到达接收机的时间差大于一个码片时间，就可以单独解析，并把它们合并在一起。基带输入的数字化信号，通过相关器和本地码产生器完成对用户数据符号的解扩和积分。 信道估计器使用导频符号估计信道状态；相位旋转器根据其估计的信道状态将信道造成的相位影响从接收符号中去除；延迟估计的作用