Chapter 8 Consciousness.ppt

Chapter 8 Consciousness Introduction to Psychology Peking University Korsakoff障碍 100年前，心理学家与一位Korsakoff病人 握手。手指间藏了一根针。 下次见面，病人不认识大夫，但莫名其 妙地不愿与这位大夫握手。 问题： 意识分层次（见大夫不必害怕；不愿握手） 意识研究历史长，但难度大。 Consciousness Consciousness, the subjective awareness of mental events, may be easier to describe than to define. States of consciousness, qualitatively different patterns of subjective experience and orientations to internal and external events. Outlines The nature of consciousness Perspectives on consciousness Sleep and dreaming Altered states of consciousness 1 The nature of consciousness Consciousness: a subjective process Consciousness, awareness, and attention The function of consciousness The normal flow of consciousness 1.1 Consciousness: subjective process Consciousness, the subjective awareness of mental events. W. James(1890) A constantly moving stream of thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. The consciousness of self. 1.2 Consciousness, Awareness, and Attention Awareness the current perceptions, thoughts, motives, and feelings that could be available to consciousness if attention were turned to them. Attention The process of focusing consciousness, providing heightened sensitivity to a limited range of experience requiring more extensive information processing. Attention Selective inattention relevant but emotionally upsetting Divided attention splitting attention between two or more tasks Cocktail party phenomenon (Cherry, 1953) Dichotic listening tasks Priming the influence of recent exposure on performance Cognitive filter( Broadbent, 1958) Attenuation model( Treisman, 1964) 注意的三种模型 1.3 The function of consciousness Monitor Self Environment Control Start stop Automatized process Meaning for adaptation 1.4 The normal flow of consciousness Experience-sampling Beeper studies Csikszentmihalyi Larson(1984): Negative/positive thought(10:1) in family Daydreaming From external stimuli to internal thoughts Klinger(1992): half of the students’ time 2 Perspectives on Consci