PrincipleofMicroscopy.docVIP

Nature of Light Light Spectrum 可见光的波长范围在0.77～0.39微米之间。波长不同的电磁波，引起人眼的颜色感觉不同。0.77～0.622微米，感觉为红色；0.622～0.597微米，橙色；0.597～0.577微米，黄色；0.577～0.492微米，绿色；0.492～0.455微米，蓝靛色；0.455～0.39微米，紫色。 Wavelength – Frequency - Energy Blue light：488 nm，short wavelength，high frequency，high energy (2 times the red) Red light：650 nm，long wavelength，low frequency，low energy Microscope Basics Objectives Tube length Beam Keywords Absorption 光吸收 When light passes through an object the intensity is reduced depending upon the color absorbed. Thus the selective absorption of white light produces colored light. Beam 光线 Diaphragm光阑/光圈 在光学系统中，限制成像光束的光孔，或者是限制成像范围的光孔或框按其作用的不同，分为孔径光阑和视场光阑两种Aperture diaphragm孔径光阑为限制入射光束大小的孔，其大小和位置对透镜所成像的清晰程度、正确性和亮度都有决定性的作用。如照相机镜头上的圆形光阑（俗称光圈）。Field diaphragm视场光阑是限制成像景物的面积大小（视场）所用的孔。例如照相系统中的底片框。Condenser 聚光镜 Compensating 补偿 designed to work with specific apochromatic or flat field objectives - it is color compensated and cannot be mixed with other objectives (or microscopes) Photo-adapter designed to project the image on the film in the camera - usually a longer distance and lower magnification from 0.5x to 5x Diffraction 衍射 Light rays bend around edges - new wavefronts are generated at sharp edges - the smaller the aperture the lower the definition Dispersion 色散 Separation of light into its constituent wavelengths when entering a transparent medium - the change of refractive index with wavelength, such as the spectrum produced by a prism or a rainbow Eyecups 眼杯（目镜） Focal length 焦距 Inter-pupillary distance 筒空间距（目镜） Illumination 照明 Vertical illumination 垂直光源 K?hler Illumination：科勒照明法是光源的灯丝在聚光器的孔径光阑上成象。因此，也就在物镜后焦面上成象。这样视野内照光均匀，不会烤焦被摄材料，极为有效的控制被照明的视场及其照明孔径。 Lamp 灯 Lamphouse 灯室 Lens 镜头 Microscope 显微镜 Upright Microscope 正置显微镜 Inverted Microscope 倒置显微镜 NA, Numerical aperture 数值孔径 NA = n sin u n=the lowest refractive index between the object and first objective element (hopefully 1) u is 1/2 the angular aperture of the objective；孔径角又称镜口角，是物镜光轴上的物体点与物镜前透镜的有效直径所形成的角度。孔径角越大，进入物镜的光通亮