库恩后期不可公度性论题的认知研究.docVIP

库恩后期不可公度性论题的认知研究( 林涤凡 中山大学哲学系 The Cognitive Studies of Kuhn’s Latest Thesis of Incommensurability Lin Difan Department of Philosophy Zhongshan University 摘要：不可公度性观点是库恩的最重要的思想之一。自提出不可公度性论题以来，库恩就不断地对其进行修正。他的努力一方面是为了深化对不可公度性的理解，另一方面是为了寻找能够理性比较不可公度的理论的共同的经验平台。他的不可公度性学说大致经历了三个发展阶段，在后期发生了认知转向。限于他后期不可公度性观点所依据的概念表达理论的模糊性，库恩的努力仍然不能令人感到满意。但是他的这一转向具有重要的意义，为进一步研究指出了方向。通过运用更为合理的概念表达理论对不可公度性现象进行考察，可以在不可公度的分类系统之间找到共同的经验平台，在一定程度上避免了库恩的不可公度性学说中包含的非理性主义特征。 关键词：不可公度性、认知转向、理性比较、分类系统 Abstract：The incommensurability thesis is one of the most important claims in Kuhn’s philosophy of science. Since the very beginning of its appearance in his Structure, Kuhn had tried continuously to articulate, refine, and amend the thesis, in order not only to reach for a more explicit and more acceptable understanding of it, but to find out common bases of experience for comparing incommensurable paradigms or theories. In this paper, it is argued that Kuhn’s thesis of incommensurability does undergo three phases roughly, with a cognitive turn in the latest phase. According to the analysis of the paper, it is his theory of concept, on which Kuhn’s latest thesis of incommensurability is based, that inevitably frustrates his endeavor. This also suggests that we account for incommensurability in terms of other more appropriate theories or models of concept taken from current cognitive psychology, so that we can reveal common bases of experience for the comparison of incommensurable theories, and then avoid the irrational character of Kuhn’s thesis of incommensurability. Keywords: incommensurability, cognitive turn, rational comparison, taxonomic system. --------------------------------------------------------------- 引 言 不可公度性论题是库恩科学革命理论的重要组成部分。由于不可公度性的存在，科学发展的模式不再是知识的不断积累和解题精确度的不断提高，而是经历革命之后新范式接替旧范式的循环往复过程。科学发展中不可公度性的存在虽然得到大家的认同，但是也由于某些过于偏激的论述而招致众人的批评。这一思想最大的缺陷就在于它否定了不同范式之间进行合理比较的可能性，使用不同范式的共同体具有不同的世界观，对同一经验证据会产生不同的判断，因而在两个范式之间不存在共同的经验平台。也许是库恩当时并没有找到合适的方式表达清楚才招致他人的误解。于是，库恩只好一方面对他人的指责予以否认，另一方面则想方设法修正其思想表达上的偏颇