第二章 信号分析与信息论基础05471.ppt

2.1 确知信号分析 信号是通过电的某一物理量（如电压或电流）表示出的与时间t之间的函数关系。如f(t)就可以是对应的电压或电流的时间波形。 凡是能用函数表达式准确表示出来的信号即为确知信号，它们与时间的对应关系是确知的。反之，则称为随机信号。 确知信号分析 Although all signals in electronic communications are not single-frequency sine (正弦) or cosine (余弦) waves, many of them are, and the signals that are can be represented by a combination of sine or cosine functions. 2.1.1 Sinusoidal Signals（正弦信号） Signal analysis is the mathematical analysis of the frequency, bandwidth (带宽) and voltage (电压) level of a signal. Electrical signals are voltage –or current- time variations that can be represented by a series of sine or cosine waves. Sinusoidal Signals A single-frequency voltage waveform is Sinusoidal Signals Whether a sine or cosine function is used to represent a signal is purely arbitrary and depends on which is chosen as the reference. It should be noted that Sine Wave（正弦波） Peak Amplitude (A，幅度/振幅) the maximum strength (peak value) of the waveform volts Sine Wave Frequency (f) Rate of change of signal Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second Period = time for one repetition (T) T = 1/f Phase (?, 相位) Relative position in time Varying Sine Waves 2.1.2 Periodic Signal (周期信号) A periodic wave repeats at a uniform (始终如一的) rate. Each successive cycle of the signal takes exactly the same length of time and has exactly the same amplitude variations as every other cycle; each cycle has exactly the same shape. Period (T): amount of time it takes for one repetition. PeriodicSignals 2.2 傅立叶变换 傅立叶变换 傅立叶变换 傅立叶变换 Time Domain（时域） Time domain waveform amplitude vs time plot zero crossings relate to frequency content Oscilloscope（示波器） A standard oscilloscope is a time-domain instrument. The display on the CRT is an amplitude-versus-time representation of the input signal. Frequency Domain（频域） Spectrum Analyzer（频谱分析仪） A spectrum analyzer is a frequency-domain instrument. An amplitude-versus-frequency plot is shown on the CRT. The horizontal axis (水平轴) represents frequency and the vertical axis (纵轴) amplitude. The v