化工专业英语-unit 7.ppt

08-06-06 unit 7　Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea Guiding questions Do you know the amount of energy consumed in ammonia process every year? When was the Haber process for ammonia synthesis developed? Can you list the major uses of ammonia? How many stages are involved in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid? What are the main raw materials for urea? Contents Prelude The Haber Process for Ammonia Synthesis Nitric Acid Urea The Haber Process for Ammonia Synthesis The high pressure reaction achieves about 60% conversion of carbon dioxide to the carbonate (state 1) and the resulting mixture is then passed into low-pressure decomposers to allow for the conversion to urea. Unreacted material is passed back to the start of the high-pressure stage of the process as this greatly improves overall plant efficiency. The solution remaining after the second stage can either be used directly as a liquid nitrogenous fertilizer or concentrated to give solid urea of 99.7% purity. Uses. The high nitrogen content of urea makes it another useful nitrogenous fertilizer, and this accounts for （占）the vast majority of the market for the compound. Other uses are significant but use only about 10% of all the urea produced. The biggest other use is for resins (melamine-formaldehyde（三聚氰胺－甲醛） and urea-formaldehyde) which are used, for example, in plywood adhesives（合板粘合剂）and Formica（佛米卡） surfaces. By Ding Ming-jie Department of Chemical Engineering In August 2009 By Zhao Ya-qi Department of Chemical Engineering Prelude Dinitrogen makes up（占，弥补） more than three-quarters of the air we breathe, but it is not readily available(可利用的，有用的) for further chemical use. Biological transformation（生物转化） of nitrogen into useful chemicals is embarrassing (令人为难的/困难的) for the chemical industry, since all the effort of all the industry’s technologists has been unable to（不能够） find an easy alternative to this. Leguminous plants（豆类植物） can take nitrogen from the air and convert it into ammonia and ammonium-c