Phonology 语言学概论-音位学.ppt

Phonology English vowels in the CV chart Diphthongs Cardinal vowels a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages Manner of articulation Plosives Fricatives affricates Nasals Bilabial Alveolar Dental Velars Place of articulation interdentals Labiodental palato-alveolar Alveopalatal Glottal Approximants Lateral Liquids liquids A three-term description [?] is a voiced palato-alveolar affricate, [f] is a voiceless labio-dental fricative, [?] is a voiced velar nasal and so on. However, for [l ?], we need a slightly more detailed description: [l] is a voiced alveolar lateral approximant and [?] is a voiced alveolar non-lateral or retroflex approximant. Diacritics Aspiration: a raised ‘h’: [ph th kh] Unaspirated: a raised ‘equals’ sign, as in [p= t= k=] Transcriptions for pit and spit: [ph?t] and [sp=?t] a retroflex ‘l’ [?] is made in the same place as the English retroflex [?] but with the lateral manner of articulation characteristic of [l]. Retroflex sounds are found in a large number of languages of the Indian subcontinent and in Australia amongst other places. Uvular and pharyngeal sounds are made with places of articulation not found in English. Uvular sounds are like velars, except that the tongue body moves further back and a little lower to articulate against the uvula. Pharyngeal sounds are common in Arabic (although they are encountered in languages throughout the world). They are made by bringing the tongue root back towards the back of the throat, often with constriction of the throat (exercises 1, 2 and 3). Table 2 Consonantal sounds arranged by place and manner of articulation PLACE MANNER bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar palatoalveolar palatal retroflex velar uvular pharyngeal plosive p b t d c ? ? k g q g fricative ? β f v θe sz ? ? ? j ? ? x ? χ r ? ? affricate ? ? t? d? nasal m ? n ? ?