3-5 DATA RATE LIMITS.ppt

3.# Capacity of a System The bit rate of a system increases with an increase in the number of signal levels we use to denote a symbol. A symbol can consist of a single bit or “n” bits. The number of signal levels = 2n. As the number of levels goes up, the spacing between level decreases - increasing the probability of an error occurring in the presence of transmission impairments. Nyquist Theorem Nyquist gives the upper bound for the bit rate of a transmission system by calculating the bit rate directly from the number of bits in a symbol (or signal levels) and the bandwidth of the system (assuming 2 symbols/per cycle and first harmonic). Nyquist theorem states that for a noiseless channel: C = 2 B log22n C= capacity in bps B = bandwidth in Hz Shannon’s Theorem Shannon’s theorem gives the capacity of a system in the presence of noise. C = B log2(1 + SNR) * McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 3-5 DATA RATE LIMITS A very important consideration in data communications is how fast we can send data, in bits per second, over a channel. Data rate depends on three factors: 1. The bandwidth available 2. The level of the signals we use 3. The quality of the channel (the level of noise) Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity Using Both Limits Topics discussed in this section: Increasing the levels of a signal increases the probability of an error occurring, in other words it reduces the reliability of the system. Why?? Note Does the Nyquist theorem bit rate agree with the intuitive bit rate described in baseband transmission? Solution They match when we have only two levels. We said, in baseband transmission, the bit rate is 2 times the bandwidth if we use only the first harmonic in the worst case. However, the Nyquist formula is more general than what we derived intuitively; it can be applied to baseband transmission and modulation. Also, it can be applied when we have two or more levels of signals. Example 3.33 Cons