10.pragmatics2.pptVIP

语用学 The same intention can be expressed in different syntactic forms. Will you close the door? Can you close the door! Do you mind closing the door? I would be very grateful if you could close the door. The door is open! The door please? The door! Think of different contexts for the statements: The room is messy. Oh, it is raining! It is Sunday today. Principles of conversation 会话原则 Paul Grice, an American logician and philosopher, held the idea that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the Cooperative Principle (合作原则), shortened as CP. The Cooperative Principle 合作原则 Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. 交际者要按照交际双方共同接受的目标或方向，在交际过程中提供所需的且符合交际目的的信息。 The Cooperative Principle 合作原则 Maxim of quantity数量准则 Make your contribution as informative as required. Do not make it more informative than is required. Maxim of quality质量准则 Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. The maxim of relation关联准则 Be relevant. The maxim of manner方式准则 Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief. Be orderly. Conversational Implicature 会话含义 When the maxims are violated, the language becomes indirect and an implicature (implied intention) rises. A: When is Susan’s farewell party?B: Sometime next month. Implicature: I do not wish to tell you when the party is going to be held. A: would you like to join us for the picnic  on Sunday?B: I’m afraid I’ve got a class on Sunday. Implicature: I do not want to join you for the picnic on Sunday. Maxim violated: A: How did the math exam go today?B: We had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them. Implicature: I don’t wish to talk about the math exam. Maxim violated: A: Shall we get s