生化总复习版本1.2.docVIP

1. What is life? A、structures: living organisms are structurally complicated and highly organized. They possess intricate internal structures. B、energy: living organisms extract, transform and use energy from their environment, usually in the form of either chemical nutrients or the radiant energy of sunlight. C、bio-information: the most characteristic attribute of living organism is the capacity for precise self-replication and self-assembly, a property that can be regarded as the quintessence of the living state. 2. What is biochemistry? Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the branch of science dealing with the chemical compounds, reactions, and other processes that occur in living organisms. 3. Macromolecules？ Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)；4 Deoxynucleotides；Ribonucleic acids (RNA)；4 Ribonucleotides；Proteins:；20 Amino acids；Polysaccharides；Monosaccharides Configuration（构型）: The arrangement of the atoms of a molecule in space, without regard to arrangements that differ only as after rotation about one or more single bonds. Conformation（构象）: The various arrangements of the atoms of a molecule in space, that differ only as after rotation about single bonds. 4对细胞内含物的分离方法？ Organelles Can Be Isolated by Centrifugation Organelles can be isolated by centrifugation. In a typical cellular fraction, cell or tissues are disrupted by gentle homogenization in a medium containing sucrose (about 2.0m).This treatment ruptures the plasma membrane, but leaves most of the organelles intact； 2、Organelles differ in size and specific gravity； 3、Different centrifugation result in a rough fractionation of the cytoplasmic contents which may be further purified by isopycnic centrifugation； 5. Endosymbiosis theory（evolution） 6. Five general types of chemical Transformations occur in cell. Oxidation-reduction 氧化还原 Cleavage and formation of carbon-carbon bounds C-C Internal rearrangements内部重排 Group transfers and Condensation reactions in which monomeric subunits are joined, with t