古希腊早期哲学.ppt

古希臘早期哲學 或名「先蘇哲學」Pre-Socratic philosophy 「這條魚是在一次大戰結束後一年捕獲而後放生的」？ Aristotle 所建構之歷史？ 米利都學派Milesian School, School of Miletus 米利都（Milet, Miletus）位於小亞細亞 Ionia地區，乃希臘殖民地。亦為科學、數學（航海…）、 醫學、經濟與文化中心（與中亞、埃及文化接觸頻繁）。 “米利都啟蒙” Thales (624-546 BC) Anaximander (610-547 BC) Anaximenes (585-525 BC) Thales 624-546 BC water is substance 佚聞 經濟：曾預言氣候變化，因此輸入橄欖壓榨機 政治：曾預言日蝕，因此戰勝Iranians 科學：曾測量金字塔高度 希臘七賢之一 希臘七賢（Seven Sages ） Solon of Athens – Nothing in excess 過猶不及、寧缺勿濫 Chilon of Sparta – Know thyself 認識你自己、撒泡尿照照鏡子 Thales of Miletus – To bring surety brings ruin 求治反亂 Cf. Edmund Burke (1729-17977) Bias of Priene – Too many workers spoil the work 人多口雜、人多難辦事（ vs.人多好辦事 ） Cleobulus of Lindos – Moderation is impeccable 事緩則圓 Pittacus of Mytilene – Know thine opportunity 把握機會、洞燭機先 Periander of Corinth – “Forethought in all things” 凡事三思、謀定而後動 Thales之格言 Of all things that are, the most ancient is God, for he is uncreated. (岳不群與藍鳳凰之對話） The most beautiful is the universe, for it is Gods. The greatest is space, for it holds all things. The swiftest is mind, for it speeds everywhere. The strongest, necessity, for it masters all. The wisest, time, for it brings everything to light. water is substance Thales所問的問題：變化從何而來？ Thales 之前，希臘人以神話、英雄與擬人化的神來解釋自然現象。 Thales之改變：from which is everything that exists and from which it first becomes and into which it is rendered at last, its substance remaining under it, but transforming in qualities, that is the element and principle of things that are. For it is necessary that there be some nature, either one or more than one, from which become the other things of the object being saved... Thales the founder of this type of philosophy says that it is water. Thales drew his con