Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE.ppt

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 10 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Magma Composition 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Pahoehoe (Ropy) Lava Flow Slow-Moving Aa Flow 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Anatomy of a “Typical” Volcano 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Shield Volcanoes Cinder Cones 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Composite Cones Mount St. Helens Before and After the May 18, 1980, Eruption Profiles of Volcanic Landforms 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions 10.2 Intrusive Igneous Activity 10.2 Intrusive Igneous Activity Sills 10.2 Intrusive Igneous Activity 10.2 Intrusive Igneous Activity Batholiths Types of Igneous Plutons 10.2 Intrusive Igneous Activity 10.2 Intrusive Igneous Activity 10.2 Intrusive Igneous Activity Basaltic Magma at the Surface 10.3 Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity Convergent Boundary Volcano 10.3 Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity 10.3 Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity Kilauea, an Intraplate Volcano Origin of Magma Geologists conclude that magma originates when essentially solid rock, located in the crust and upper mantle, partially melts. The most obvious way to generate magma from solid rock is to raise the temperature above the level at which the rock begins to melt. Origin of Magma Role of Heat ? Additional heat is generated by ? The geothermal gradient—Earth’s natural temperature increases with depth but is not sufficient to melt rock in the lower crust and upper mantle - friction in subduction zones - crustal rocks heated during subduction - rising, hot mantle rocks Origin of Magma Role of Water ? Causes rock to melt at a lower temperature ?