RNAi-MEDIATED PATHWAYS INTHE NUCLEUS.ppt

Overview of nuclear pathways RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) RNAi-mediated heterochromatin formation DNA elimination the silencing of unpaired DNA during meiosis Properties of heterochromatin. heterochromatin is gene-poor relative to euchromatin and it surrounds the centromeric region in many species. Heterochromatin is usually not conducive to high levels of gene expression Conclusions * * RNAi-MEDIATED PATHWAYS INTHE NUCLEUS Marjori A.Matzke* and James A.Birchler RNAi 長度: 21~26 nt 來源: dsRNA 經由 Dicer (RNaseIII enzyme) 作用後製造出small interfering RNA(siRNA) 作用原理: 利用siRNA辨認特定mRNA序列並且利用 RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)執行 target-mRNA cleavage 造成 mRNA degradation , 而依照target sequence 和effect complex的組成而有不同的silencing形式出現 分布：plant, animal and fungi 特別的形式： 利用RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) 來藉由ssRNA製造dsRNA來起始或放大RNAi的作用 Example: Transposons 和 viruses在replication時製造dsRNA MicroRNA (miRNA): 可藉由 targeting mRNA 誘導出silencing 來源: miRNAs are produced through processing by Dicer of imperfect RNA hairpins, which are typically encoded in non-protein-coding regions of plant and animal genomes. Dicer Proteins of the Dicer family are ribonuclease III enzymes that process dsRNA to produce small RNAs. RNA-dependent RNA polymerases These synthesize dsRNA from an ssRNA template to initate or amplify the RNAi process. Argonaute Members of this family provide the small RNA-binding component of silencing-effector complexes. RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) 去甲基化,使gene再活化 可能和small RNA有關 在RNA消失後甲基化的維持 大概是使DNA可容易接近RNA signal 利用DNA-dependent RNA polymerase 利用RNA-dependent RNA polymerase2 使RNA帶有訊號 MET1:只針對CGs的cytosine甲基化 DRM2:只針對非CG的cytosine甲基化 RNAi-mediated heterochromatin formation Heterochromatin中的Tandem repeat or multiple copies of transposable elements 藉由RdRP轉換成雙股形式 siRNA被認為引導histone methyltransfrease到chromatin進行H3k9的甲基化 DNA elimination that internal eliminated segment (IES) elimination and other genome alterations occur. Cells then separate and one micronucleus deg