ESTIMATING EARTHWORK.ppt

Prof Awad S. Hanna Prof Awad S. Hanna ESTIMATING EARTHWORK Estimating Earthwork Earthwork includes: 1. Excavation 2. Grading: Moving earth to change elevation 3. Temporary shoring 4. Back fill or fill: Adding earth to raise grade 5. Compaction: Increasing density 6. Disposal Productivity Factors A. Job conditions Material type Water level and moisture content Job size Length of haul Haul road condition (accessibility and load restrictions) Productivity Factors (cont.) B. Management conditions Equipment conditions and maintenance practices Skills of work force and management Planning, supervision and coordination of work. Job Efficiency Factors for Earthmoving Operations Units of Measure Cubic Yard (bank, loose, or compacted) Volume Bank: VB Bank cubic yards (BCY) Density B Lb /BCY Loose: Vl Loose cubic yards (LCY) Density L Lb/LCY Compacted: Vc Compacted cubic yards (CCY) Density C LB/CCY Swell: A soil increase in volume when it is excavated. Swell (%) = ( - 1) x 100 Load factor = Bank Volume = Loose volume x Load factor Shrinkage: A soil decreases in volume when it is compacted Shrinkage (%) = (1 - ) x 100 Shrinkage factor = 1 - Shrinkage Compacted volume = Bank volume x Shrinkage factor Approximate Material Characteristics Exact values will vary with grain size, moisture content, compaction, etc. Test to determine exact values for specific soils. Typical Soil Volume Conversion Factors Estimating Earth work for Trenches and Foundation Approximate Angle of Repose For Sloping Sides of Excavation Calculating Earthwork Quantities 1. End Area Method 2. Contour Line/ Grid Method 1. End Area Method Used in sites where length is much greater than width CALCULATING EARTHWORK QUANTITIES 1. End Area Method a. Take cross-sections at regular intervals, typically, 100’ intervals. b. Calculate the cross-section end areas c. The volume of earthwork between sections is obtained by taking the average of the end areas at each station in square feet mult