Introduction to Symmetric Block Cipher.ppt

Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder Introduction to Symmetric Block Cipher Jing Deng Based on Prof. Rick Han’s Lecture Slides Dr. Andreas Steffen’s Security Tutorial Cryptography Symmetric-Key Cryptography Cryptanalysis Cryptanalysis (2) Examples Simple and non-secure ciphers Shift Cipher – Caesar Cipher Affine Cipher Vigenere Cipher Hill Cipher Information-secure cipher One-Time Pad Confusion and Diffusion Confusion and Diffusion (2) Confusion and Diffusion (3) Block Cipher Example: DES Example: DES (2) Example: DES (3) Beyond DES Triple-DES: put the output of DES back as input into DES again with a different key, loop again: 3*56 = 168 bit key Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Requirements: shall be designed so that the key length may be increased as needed. block size n = 128 bits, key size k = 128, 192, 256 bits Candidates: MARS, twofish, RC6, Serpent, Rijndael successor (Rijndael) Encryption Mode (ECB) Encryption Mode (CBC) Stream Cipher Encryption Mode (OFB) * Encryption algorithm also called a cipher Cryptography has evolved so that modern encryption and decryption use secret keys Cryptographic algorithms can be openly published Only have to protect the keys Encryption Decryption plaintext ciphertext plaintext Encryption Decryption plaintext ciphertext plaintext Key KA Key KB Both sender and receiver keys are the same: KA=KB The keys must be kept secret and securely distributed Thus, also called “Secret Key Cryptography” Data Encryption Standard (DES) Encryption Decryption plaintext ciphertext plaintext Key KA Key KB=KA Secure Key Distribution Brute force: try every key Ciphertext-only attack: Attacker knows ciphertext of several messages encrypted with same key (but doesn’t know plaintext). Possible to recover plaintext (also possible to deduce key) by looking at frequency of ciphertext letters Known-plaintext attack: Attackers observes pairs of plaintext/ciphertext encrypted with same key. Possible to deduce key and/or devise algor