Semantic Nets, Frames, World Representation.ppt

Semantic Nets, Frames, World Representation Knowledge Representation as a medium for human expression An intelligent system must have KRs that can be interpreted by humans. – We need to be able to encode information in the knowledge base without significant effort. We need to be able to understand what the system knows and how it draws its conclusions. Knowledge Representation Logic (prepositional, predicate) Network representation Semantic nets Structured representation Frames Issues in KR Hierarchies, inheritance, exceptions Advantages and disadvantages Semantic Networks First introduced by Quillian back in the late-60s M. Ross Quillian. Semantic Memories, In M. M. Minsky, editor, Semantic Information Processing, pages 216-270. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968 Semantic network is simple representation scheme which uses a graph of labeled nodes and labeled directed arcs to encode knowledge Nodes – objects, concepts, events Arcs – relationships between nodes Graphical depiction associated with semantic networks is a big reason for their popularity Nodes and Arcs Arcs define binary relations which hold between objects denoted by the nodes. Non-binary relations We can represent the generic give event as a relation involving three things: A giver A recipient An object Inheritance Inheritance is one of the main kind of reasoning done in semantic nets The ISA (is a) relation is often used to link a class and its superclass. Some links (e.g. haspart) are inherited along ISA paths The semantics of a semantic net can be relatively informal or very formal Often defined at the implementation level Multiple Inheritance A node can have any number of superclasses that contain it, enabling a node to inherit properties from multiple parent nodes and their ancestors in the network. It can cause conflicting inheritance. Nixon Diamond (two contradictory inferences from the same data) Example Advantages of Semantic nets Easy to visualize Formal definitions of semantic networ