《西方经济学 》黎诣远课件.pptVIP

微观经济学 导言 为什么要学习经济学？ 了解和认识世界 合理决策 理解经济政策 *经济学的创始人 亚当.思密(Adam Smith, 1723-1790)《国富论》（An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations，1776）。 *第一本流行经济学教材：阿耳弗雷德马歇尔（1842-1924）《经济学原理》（Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics,1890） 第一章 什么是经济学What is Economics 1.1 定义：经济学是研究社会中个人、厂商、政府和其他组织如何进行选择(choices)，以及这些选择如何决定社会资源配置的一门社会科学。 稀缺、取舍、激励、交换、信息和分配 scarcity, trade-off, incentive, exchange, market, information, distribution 第一章 什么是经济学What is Economics 1.2 经济学的基本原则（原理）：The basic principles of Economics 指导个人选择的原则： Individual Choice: The Core Of Economics 1. Resources are scarce. 稀缺性原则 2. The real cost of something is what you must give up to get it. 机会成本原则 3. “How much?” is a decision at the margin. 边际决策原则 4. People usually exploit opportunities to make themselves better off. 最大化行为假设 5. People respond to incentive 激励机制原则 第一章 什么是经济学What is Economics 协调个人选择行为（集体选择）的原则： The interaction and coordination of individual choices 1. There are gains from trade. 贸易（平等交易）原则（市场分工与专业化） 2. Markets move toward equilibrium. 均衡原则 3. Resources should be used as efficiently as possible achieve society’s goals. 效率原则(Pareto efficiency 帕累托最优） 4. Markets usually lead to efficiency. 市场效率原则 5. When markets don’t achieve efficiency, government intervention can improve society’s welfare. 市场失灵与政府干预：外部性、市场力量、公共产品 第一章 什么是经济学What is Economics The Power of Ideas As readers may have gathered, I believe not only that were living in a new era of depression economics, but also that John Maynard Keynes—the economist who made sense of the Great Depression—is now more relevant than ever. Keynes concluded his masterwork, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, with a famous disquisition on the importance of economic ideas: Soon or late, it is ideas, not vested interests, which are dangerous for good or evil. We can argue about whether thats always true, but in times like these, it definitely is. The quintessential economic sentence is supposed to be There is no free lunch; it says