认知心理学课件 程康.ppt

Cortical Neural Systems and Cognitive Operations: A Selective Anatomical Review Structure and Function Neuroanatomical Methods Nerve cell Golgi stain Intracellular injections of tracers (biocytin, neuronbiotin, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)) EM for fine cellular and subcellular details Neuronal populations Nissl stain Newer immunocytochemistry methods, e.g., antibodies Against transmitters (glutamate; GABA; dopamine) Against calcium-binding proteins (calbindin; parvalbumin; calretinin) Against synaptic components (synaptophysin; synapsin) Against receptors (glutamate; GABA) Histocehmistry techniques, e.g., Acetylcholinesterase reactions (neurons positive for neurotransmitter acetylcholine) Cytochrome oxidase (high level of metabolic activity) Connectivity Relatively well understood More details in this talk Microcircuitry Difficult / still under investigation Functional networks 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography Early immediate genes (replacing 2-DG) (c-fos; jun; zipf268) Nueroanatomy in humans Degeneration fibers in postmortem brains Noninvasive neuroimaging techniques (PET, fMRI) Modern techniques Laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) 2-photon laser scanning microscope In situ hybridization histochemistry Gene manipulation (“reporter genes”) Virus vectors (adenovirus; pseudorabies; herpes simplex virus, etc) Defining A Cortical Area Anastomosis, neuron Doctrine, and Synapses Golgi invented silver stain and published the method in 1873; Cajal started to use the Golgi stain in 1887, and subsequently improved the method. (any golgi study of axons must be carried out on young brains) …views of Gerlach and Golgi that the nervous system forms a cellular reticulum, a concept that rendered the structure of individual neurons or groups of neurons irrelevant because under such conditions the pathways followed by nerve impulses would be indeterminant. According to Golgi, dendrites served a strictly nutritive role in neuronal function, whereas the axons formed an inte