悲剧的话语和话语的悲剧.pdfVIP

( ) 中国比较文学　2003 年第 2 期 　 总第 51 期 　 悲剧的话语与话语的悲剧 华 　明 (南京师范大学 　文学院 ,江苏 　南京 　210097) 摘要 : 西方戏剧中独有的悲剧、喜剧严格区别的现象 ,是世界剧坛上偶然、暂时 和局部的现象 ,并不具有必然性、永恒性和普遍性。无论从起源还是发展上来 看 ,中国戏曲中都不存在西方悲喜剧的绝大部分差异对立。但近代中国学人比 照西方悲剧观念 ,从外部植入了中国悲剧的一整套话语 ,建立起西方式的中国 悲剧理论与历史体系。这也是百多年来大多数中国学科体系建立的模式。这 种西化的后果 ,既有积极的 ,也有消极的。笔者认为 ,中国文化应在保持传统的 基础上发展 ,不能够也不应该“现代化”。而当今中国文化正面临被全面西化的 最严重危机。 关键词 : 悲剧 ;话语 ;多元化 ;文化物种 Abstract : The strict genre distinction between tragedy and comedy in the Western drama ought to be viewed as an incidental , temporary and local theory on world stage , not a necessary , permanent and universal truth. Most of such oppositional genre distinction does not seem to exist in Chinese drama , either in its origin or in its historical development. But modern Chinese scholars have borrowed a whole se ries of terminology from Western tragic theories in their study of Chinese drama , and developed a Western system of Chinese tragic theories and literary history. This is also the model of systematization of academic disciplines in China during the past century. There are both positive and negative consequences of such West ernization. The writer of this paper is opposed to such Westernization as part of “modernization”, and believes that the development of Chinese literary and cultur al studies must pay attention to and base on its own traditions , especially today , when our Chinese civilization is faced with a serious crisis of total destruction by ·62 · ( ) 中国比较文学　2003 年第 2 期 　 总第 51 期 Westernization. Key Words : tragedy ; discourse ; multiculture ; cultural species 西方的悲剧和喜剧 在西方传统中 ,戏剧分为悲剧喜剧 ,二者对立鲜明 ,悲剧占有较 高地位。西方悲剧喜剧对立以及悲剧占有较高地位的这种现象 ,在 于悲剧喜剧的起源不同。在《诗学》中 ,亚里士多德指出 ,是多利亚人 声称首创了悲剧 ,麦加拉人声称首创了喜剧。根据诸多史料以及学 者研究 ,现在学界公认 ,西方