WL词汇学cha3.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Borrowing: Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English In modern times, English vocabulary is mainly enlarged on a internal basis: 3.1 Morpheme(词素) What is a morpheme？ the minimal meaningful unit of language. ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’ 3.2 Morphs and allomorph Morphs(形素)： The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’. Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme. (词素/形素变体是同一个语素的不同形式) the plural marker {-s} cat – cats /s/ dog – dogs /z/ horse – horses /iz/ 3.3 Classifications of morphemes Free vs. bound morphemes in terms of their capacity of occurring alone Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes applying to affixes only Content / lexical vs. grammatical morpheme on a semantic and syntactic basis Free morphemes vs. bound morphemes Free morphemes: identical with words, having complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units. (自由语素等同于单词，是能独立运用的语素，它有 完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位) Bound morphemes: Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function. (粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上 以构成词或担当一定的语法功能) Free morphemes vs. bound morphemes Differences between free bound morphemes Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes. 派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。visitor, unhappy, practical, abnormal. Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. 屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。machines, children’s, goes, happier, What’s the diffe