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Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words discuss the internal structures of English words the ways to create new words Introduction : Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, sense relations, historical development, formation and usages . Morphology (形态学) is the subfield of linguistics that the studies the internal structure of words and the relationship among the words. 3.1． Morphological Structure of words The word as an uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more morphemes and which typically occurs in the structure of phrases. e.g. man : unaware: un- aware, drinkable: -able drink , washable: useful: use+full boys: boy+s; Morpheme: a minimal meaningful unit of a language {-s} : morpheme (词素/形位) /s/ /z/ /iz/ : morphs （形素-----词素的语音形式体现） The morph is the smallest meaningful phonetic segment of an utterance on the level of parole which cannot yet be classified as a representative of a particular morpheme. 语言可以划分不同的成次，分出不同的单位。它可以分出辨音单位——音位。音位不表意，语言中表意的最小单位是词素，然而词素在语言中不能独立运用，语言中能独立运用的最小表意单位是词。语言中所有词的总和是词汇。语言学中研究语言词汇的学科叫词汇学。 3.2 Allomorphs (词素变体) allomorphs or morphemic variants: Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. e.g. {-s} is the morpheme, /s/ or /z/ or /iz/ are morphs. They are allomorphs to each other: / s / after / t, p, k /; / z / after /d, b, g, l /; / iz / after / s, z, ?, ? / etc peculiar: foot, man, goose, fish, deer, etc. {-ed} 3.3 The types of morphology ( 1 ) Free Morphemes (自由词素) Morphemes which are independent of othe