CHAPTER 4b词汇学.ppt

ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY CHAPTER 4 WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Inflection and Derivation 4.3 Compounding 4.4 Other Word Formation 4.5 Backformation 4.6 Words from Proper Names and Metanalysis 4.7 Exercises 1. INTRODUCTION Word-formation / word-building is an important means of vocabulary enlargement. The English language has increased its resources not only through the adoption of words from other languages, but also through the formation of new words with the material available in the language. What is a word? A sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes. e.g. do, does, did, doing, done, doer, undo But they are quite different in their structure. Typically, a word will consist of a root or stem, and zero or more affixes. Words can be combined to create other units of language, such as phrases, clauses, and/or sentences. A word consisting of two or more stems joined together form a compound word. A word consisting of one stem joined together with one or more than one affix form a derivative word. Root and Stem A root is the base form of a word that expresses its essential meaning, a consistent meaning whatever affixes may be added to it. e.g. use [root] → useable → usage → used → useful → usefully → usefulness → useless → uselessly → uselessness → user → usual → usually → usualness → usurer → usury → usurious → usurp → usurpation → utilitarian → utility → utilize → utilizable → utilization → abuse → abusive → misuse → misusage → misuser A stem is a linguistic term used as part of a classification of the kinds of elements operating within the structure of a word. e.g. ROOT STEM SUFFIXES WORD class classi fic classific fy classify fi-cation classification fi-catory classificatory fi-able classifiable Types of word Structurally: 1. Simple word 2. Compound wor