Relations —.ppt

Relations — on a nonempty set Definition: A relation on a nonempty set A is a nonempty set R of ordered pairs (x, y), where x, y?A. If (a, b)?R , we write aRb. Definition: A relation R on a set A is an equivalence relation if the following properties are satisfied: For x, y, z?A 1. Reflexive: xRx ?x?A [(x, x)?R.] 2. Symmetric: If xRy, then yRx, [If (x, y)?R then (y, x)?R.] 3. Transitive: If xRy and yRz, then xRz, . [If (x, y)?R and (y, z)?R then (y, x)?R.] Ex1. Let A = {?2, ?5, 2, 5} and R = {(5, ?2), (5, 2), (?5, 2), (?5, ?2)}. Then 5R2, ?5R2, 5R(?2), but 2R5, 5R5. The relation R is neither reflexive nor symmetric properties, but it satisfies the transitive propert. Ex2. (a) A為目前學籍在義守大學的人所成的集合 xR1y if and only if x和y屬於同一系級 xR1’y if and only if x和y本學期修同一門課 Ex2. (b)(c) A為現存世界上的(4輪)車子所成的集合 aR2b if and only if a和b屬於同一廠牌 A為現今全世界還活著的人所成的集合 aR3b if and only if a和b有婚姻關係（不論仍在繼續或已終止） Ex2. (d) Let A = Z, and xR4y if and only if ?x?=?y?. Then (1, ?1)?R4, (5, 5)?R4 and (1, 3)?R4. This is an equivalence relation. 1. reflexive: 2. symmetric: 3. transitive: Ex2. (e) Let A = Z, xR5y if and only if x y. (1, ?1)?R5, (5, 5)?R5 and (1, 3)?R5. This is not an equivalence relation, since it does not satisfy reflexive and symmetric property. Ex2. (f) Let A = Z, xR6y if and only if x ? y is an even number. (1, ?1)?R6, (5, 5)?R6, (2, 5)?R6. This is an equivalence relation. 1. reflexive: 2. symmetric: 3. transitive: Ex2. (g) Let m be a positive integer and A = Z. x R7y if and only if x ? y is a multiple of m. Use the same argument as Ex2. (f), we can show that R7 is an equivalence relation on Z. Definition: Let R be an equivalence relation on the nonempty set A. For each a?A , then set [a]={x?A｜xRa} is called the equivalence class of the relation R. Ex3. (a) A為目前學籍在義守大學的人所成的集合。xR1y if and only if x和y同一系級。 每一個系級所成的集合都為一個R1中的equivalence class。 (b) A為現在存在世界上的(4輪)車子所成的集合。aR2b if and only if a和b屬