2章 UML概述.ppt

公共机制 UML中有四种贯穿整个语言且一致应用的公共机制，它们分别是: 规格说明 修饰 通用划分 扩展机制 扩展机制 作为一种通用建模语言，UML允许用户以受控的方式扩展其词汇和语义规则。UML的扩展机制包括三部分: 构造型(stereotype) 标记值(tagged value) 约束(constraint) UML扩展机制(构造型) 构造型用于扩展UML的词汇，建模人员利用它可以创造新的构造块。构造型化元素往往是在UML基本模型元素的基础上加上一些限制，在建模时将它作为基本构造块对待。 它的存在既避免了UML语言过于复杂化，同时也使UML语言能够适应多种系统的需求。 通用划分 在对面向对象系统建模中，至少有两种划分方法 类与对象的划分 接口与实现的分离 类与对象的划分 类与对象的划分：类是一种抽象，对象是一个具体的实例。图形上，用与类同样的图形符号表示对象，并且在对象名的下面画一道线。 接口与实现的分离 接口与实现的分离：接口是一种声明、是一个契约，也是服务的入口；实现则是负责实施接口提供的契约。 UML中的视图 理解复杂系统的体系结构时，需要从不同的角度来考察系统。为此，在UML中定义了“视图”的概念。视图是对系统模型在某方面的投影，注重于系统的某个方面。 UML的视图和图 UML: Like a Natural Language Natural Language: English Letters E.g. A, B, C, D, …. Words E.g. team, project, is, the, … Sentences E.g. A team will execute a project Paragraphs Group sentences into a paragraph Sections Group paragraphs into a section Documents Group sections into document Letters in UML UML consists a body of symbols Rectangles Lines Other graphical elements Strings of characters Words in UML Two categories: concepts relationships Concepts Shown as rectangles or other symbols labeled with a name Relationships between concepts Shown as line connecting symbols labeled with a name. Sentences in UML (1/4) Syntax Specifies rules for combining words into sentences UML sentences are very simple diagrams Sentences in UML (2/4) Semantics based on OO Concept Class Interface Sentences in UML (3/4) Semantics (cont. ) Relations Association Describes the relation between a group of objects Multiple objects can participate a role into the association Fixed value: 3 Many : n / * Range: 0..1 / 3..n Set: 2, 4, 5 Sentences in UML (3/4) Relations (cont.) Aggregation Describes the relation of “part whole” Composition A special form of aggregation The lifecycle of the part is same to the whole Paragraphs in UML Diagrams in UML A collection of UML sentences Sections in UML A UML section A group of paragraphs about a common subject. The views of UML (4+1) Documents in UML A UML Document A group of sections about a common su