操作系统-精髓与设计原理英文ppt-Chapter.ppt

Concurrency: Mutual Exclusion and Synchronization Chapter 5 Concurrency Concurency arises in Multiple applications at the same time: Multiprogramming Structured applications: Application can be a set of concurrent processes Operating system structure: Operating systems are often implemented as a set of processes or threads Difficulties of Concurrency Sharing of global resources if two processes make use of the shared variable, then the order of access is critical Operating system managing the allocation of resources optimally may lead to a deadlock Difficult to locate programming errors results are typically not deterministic and reproducible A Simple Example(uniprocessor) int chin, chout; void echo() { chin = getchar(); . . chout = chin; putchar(chout); . } A Simple Example(multiprocessor) Process P1 Process P2 . . chin = getchar(); . . chin = getchar(); chout = chin; chout = chin; putchar(chout); . . putchar(chout); . . One more example (data consistence) Operating System Concerns Keep track of various processes Allocate and deallocate resources Processor time Memory Files I/O devices Protect data and resources Output of process must be independent of the speed of execution of other concurrent processes Process Interaction Processes unaware of each other independent processes that are not intended to work together Processes indirectly aware of each other processes are not necessarily aware of each other but they share access to some object Process directly aware of each other processes are able to communicate directly with each other Competition AmongProcesses for Resources Competition Among Processes for Resources Mutual Exclusion Critical sections A section of a program Only one process (or limited number of processes) at a time is allowed to execute this section at a time Example only one process at a time is allowed to send command to the printer Starvation a process is always waiting for a resource possessed by some othe