转座子转座机制.doc

Bacterial Transposons ? A transposable element 转座因子 moves from one DNA address to another ? Originally discovered in maize, transposons have been found in all kinds of organisms – Bacteria – Plants – Humans  Discovery of Bacterial Transposons ? Phage coat is made of protein ? Always has the same volume 同体积 ? DNA is much denser than protein DNA密度大 ? More DNA in phage, denser phage 若DNA含量 高，其密度就大 ? Extra DNAs that can inactivate a gene by inserting into it were the first transposons discovered in bacteria 发现gal基因的失活是因为插入了一段野 生型基因中没有的 DNA，这就是转座子 ? These transposons are called insertion sequences (ISs) 插入序列 Insertion Sequences ? Insertion sequences are the simplest type of bacterial transposon IS是最简单的细菌转座子 ? They contain only the elements necessary for their own transposition 仅包含满足自身转座需要的因子： – Short inverted repeats at their ends末端短的反向重复序列 – At least 2 genes coding for an enzyme, transposase that carries out transposition由至少两个基因编码的转座酶 ? Transposition involves: – Duplication of a short sequence in the target DNA复制 靶DNA的一段短序列 – One copy of this sequence flanks the insertion sequence on each side after transposition转座后插入序列 侧翼各有一个拷贝  Generating Host DNA Direct Repeats Complex Transposons ? The term “selfish DNA” implies that insertion sequences and other transposons replicate at the expense of their hosts, providing no value in return 插入 序列或者其它转座子是自私的 ? Some transposons do carry genes that are valuable to their hosts, antibiotic resistance is among most familiar 但有的转座子可 以为宿主提供有益的东西，如抗生素抗性基因  Antibiotic Resistance and Transposons Transposition Mechanisms ? Transposons are sometimes called “jumping genes”, DNA doesn’t always leave one place for another 转座子也被叫作跳跃基因（但有误导） ? When it does, nonreplicative transposition 非复制式 转座 – “Cut and paste” – Both strands of original DNA move together from 1 place to another without replicating ? Transposition frequently involves DNA replication – 1 copy remains at original site – New copy inserts at the new site – Replicative trans