气溶胶研究进展.pptVIP

VIII. Aerosols Size distributionFormation and ProcessingCompositionAerosol phase chemistry Terminology Aerosol – a dispersion of solid and liquid particles suspended in gas (air). note: “aerosol” is defined as the dispersion of both particles and gas, but in common practice it is used to refer to the particles only! Primary aerosol – atmospheric particles that are emitted or injected directly into the atmosphere. Secondary aerosol – atmospheric particles that are created by in situ aggregation or nucleation from gas phase molecules (gas to particle conversion). Either type may be natural or anthropogenic or both How much aerosol is there? typically ~10’s of ug/m3 (air density ~1kg/m3) Global Particle Production (Table 2.19 from Seinfeld and Pandis) Aerosol Size Distributions Log-normal distributions The Aerosol Modes A process oriented view of aerosol size distribution So lifetimes are …. Aitken nuclei – hours to days (diffusion/coagulation) Accumulation mode – weeks Coarse mode – hours to days (deposition) Ultrafine – minutes to hours Secondary organic aerosol formation VOC oxidized to less-volatile OC Partitioning to aerosol phase depends on vapor pressure High equilibrium vapor pressure ? high tendency to stay in gas phase Low equilibrium vapor pressure ? partitions to aerosol phase – non-volatiles Large organics (C 6) tend form aerosols while organics C6 do not. Oligomerization on/in acid aerosol Aqueous Aerosol Thermodynamic partitioning (Ag?Aaq) liquid water content (L=g of H2O/m3 of air) L=0.1-0.3 in clouds L=0.02-0.5 in fogs Henry’s law constant (H) HA=[A] (M)/?A (atm) A few Henry’s law constants… HO2=1.3x10-3 M/atm HO3=1.1x10-2 M/atm HNH3=62 M/atm HH2O2=7x104 M/atm HH2CO=2.5 M/atm Exercise: Calculate the concentration of ozone in pure water in equilibrium with 10 ppbv ozone, assume ideal gas. Formaldehyde… Acids… The sulfur story (in brief) ... emissions: fossil fuel SO2, volcanic SO2, oceanic DMS DMS oxidation ... gas phase ... complex!