英语翻译技巧第二节 词的翻译.docVIP

第二节 词的翻译 一英汉词义的差异 英语词义灵活，突出表现为一词多义polysemy，英语的词义主要视词的语境(上下文联系和词在句中的搭配关系)而定。相比之下，汉语词义的稳定性就大得多。例如：story在不同的上下文中有不同的词义。 (1)事件、事情、情况、情形： 1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 2) It is quite another story now. (2)报导、消息、电讯： Last December, the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story. (3)内容、内情、真相： Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (4)传说、说法： He’ll be very happy if that story holds up. (5)热门、谎言、有意的渲染： The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American television. (6) 身世、遭遇： The story of Rita Hayworth is one of the saddest. (7)情节、案情： A young man came to Scotti’s office with a story. 作业： He is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it. He is the last person for such a job. He should be the last man to blame. He is the last man to consult. This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 二．英汉词义辨析法 任何一个词都可能有三个词义：一是结构词义，二是涉指词义，三是情景词义。因此，辨析词义也必须从这三个范畴入手。 从词形结构析出词义 1. 大批英语词都是以合成法构成的，可根据其词义构成模式分析出其词义。例如： Overwork rollerhockey lightyear lightweek lightmonth pickpocket 2.英语中有极多的词是以词缀法构成的。例如： Legality superpower supermarket superstar superspeed supersecret parabiospheric 从涉指关系析出词义 所谓涉指关系是词在上下文中的照应关系。语言中有些词的本身并不具有确定的词义，必须到上下文中寻找照应词。 称代照应词：包括人称代词的各个格、代用词one、指示代词such、不定代词some/any/each/both；限定词much/many/few/little等。 指示照应词：包括名词性指示词this/that/these/those和副词性指示词here/there/now/then等。 比较照应词：即在上下文中有关涉词的比较形容词和副词。如： I hate red shirt; white suits me but blue is the most preferable. 句中the most preferable的关涉词是shirt，没有shirt的照应，the most preferable的词义就不能确立。 从情景关系析出词义 1辨析英语词义最重要的依据是词在行文中的搭配、组合关系。 比如：light Light music(light=intended chiefly to entertain)轻音乐 Light loss(light=not heavy)轻微的损失 Light car(light=having little weight)轻便的汽车 Light heart(light=relaxed)轻松的心情 Light step(light=gentle)轻快的步伐 Light manners（light=frivolous）轻浮的举止 Light outfit(light=handy)轻巧的装备 Light work(light=requiring