市场研究中的非市场行为.pptVIP

市场研究中的非市场行为 Before turning to nonmarket situations, let me review some developments in the study of markets that are particularly relevant for the study of nonmarket situations . 在转向非市场情形的研究之前，首先来回顾一下关于市场行为的研究中，与非市场情形有关的观点。 The strong assumptions made about“economic man”and the emphasis on equilibrium analysis, characteristic of the Anglo-American, neoclassical tradition of inquiry, has not been universally adhered to by all economists . 英美学者、古典自由主义关于“经济人”和强调均衡分析的观点并没有并所有的经济学家所接受。 The Austrian school shares common ties with the Scottish school of moral philosophy, but has preferred to work with assumptions of limited information and to focus on equilibrating mechanisms rather than equilibrium states. 奥地利学派和苏格兰学派更倾向于以有限信息和均衡机制而非均衡状态为前提假设，对这一行为进行分析。 The emphasis in Austrian economics is on market structures as providing incentives for innovation and generating information that is relevant to dynamically changing circumstances . 奥地利经济学强调市场结构能够促进创新和产生与动态环境变化有关的信息。 Hayek is the best-known contemporary representative of this tradition .Hayek assumes that information is necessarily incomplete because the generation of new knowledge contributes to the development of new technologies and to new economic opportunities 哈耶克是这一观点的最著名代表，他认为由于新的知识的出现有助于新技术的发展，并且产生新的经济机会，因此信息必定是不完备的。 Much of the focus in Austrian economics, then, is on entrepreneurship, as Kirzner emphasizes entrepreneurs have an incentive to search out new possibilities . Such activities disturb any presumed equilibrium , placing burdens on others to acquire similar capabilities in a market economy . 大部分奥地利经济学家关注企业家精神，正如Kirzner emphasizes强调，企业家具有寻找新机会的动力，这些活动就会打破预先设定的均衡，对其他人造成压力，从而迫使他们也在市场经济中获得相似的能力。 Entrepreneurship and innovation create a competitive dynamic that has to do with advances in knowledge, the extension of technological capabilities, and an opening of new economic opportunities . 企业家和创新会创造一种动态的竞争状态，这种状态关系到知识的进步、技术能力的扩展和新经济机会的创造。 This is a form of competition that can only occur in a wo