现代英语语法 考试各章重点.docVIP

Main points of Grammar Chapter One - The Structure of the English Sentence 1. Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order: A text consists of one or more sentences A sentence consists of one or more clauses A clause consists of one or more phrases A phrase consists of one or more words A word consists of one or more morphemes 2. Terms: (1) Morpheme: Morphemes are the minimal meaningful elements. (2) Free morpheme: A morpheme that can occur in isolation is termed a “free morpheme”. (3) Bound morphemes: A morpheme that can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morpheme is termed a “bound morpheme” (4) Root: A root is that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been removed. (5) Stem: A stem has to do with inflectional features and is the part that remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. (6) Base: A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 3. Words are classified in terms of three factors： the environment, the internal structure, the meaning 4. Words classes Open classes: noun, adjective, adverb, verb Closed classes: determiner, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, auxiliary Marginal classes: numerals, interjections 5. Words in the open classes are determined on the basis of three criteria: meaning (semantic or notional angle), form (morphology), function (syntactic) 6. the word-formations: (1) Affixation: Affixation is a kind of word-formation approach that it attaches a lesser morpheme. The general term includes: prefixes, infixes and suffixes. (2) Composition: A compound, the product of composition, is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. (3) Conversion: Conversion is the derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. (4) Blending: Blending is a kind of word-formation that a new word is formed from parts of two other wor