国外心理学史1课件11.ppt

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Operant Conditioning The nutsbolts of behaviorism Type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences “Skinner Box” . Operant Behavior A class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences that, in turn, affect the future probability or strength of those responses. “class of responses” all of the responses that are capable of producing the consequence. Operant Consequences Reinforcers: events that follows behavior and increases the future probability of that behavior Punishers: events that follow behavior and decrease the future probability of behavior. Behaviors are reinforced or punished not organisms. Operant Antecedents Discriminative stimuli: environmental stimuli in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced. Classes of Reinforcing and Punishing Stimuli * Increase Behav Reinforcer Decrease Behav Punisher Add Positive Positive Reinforcer Positive Punisher Remove Negative Negative Reinforcer Negative Punisher Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement: Every time the rat does the appropriate behavior, he /she gets a pellet. Fixed ratio schedule: If the rat presses the pedal three times, he gets a pellet…or five times, or twenty times, or x times. There is a fixed ratio between behaviors and reinforcers. Fixed interval schedule: If the rat presses the bar at least once during a particular period of time, say 20 seconds, she gets a pellet. But whether she presses the bar once or a hundred times within that 20 seconds, she only receives one reinforcer. Variable ratio schedule: You change the x (or schedule) each time. First it takes 3 presses to get a pellet, then 10, then 4, etc. Variable interval schedule: You keep changing the time period. First 10 seconds, then 35, then 5, then 40., etc. Immediate versus Delayed Reinforcement The more immediate the reinforcer the stronger the effect on behavior. The more delayed the reinforcer

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