学习与记忆微观.ppt

The regulation of gene expression by CREB. CREB-2 functions as a repressor of gene expression. CREB-1, an activator of gene expression, can displace CREB-2. When CREB-1 is phosphorylated by protein kinase A (and other kinases), transcription can ensue. Thanks！ * * * * * * First, their dendrites extend only into the molecular layer, where they branch like a fan, flattened in one plane. Second, Purkinje cell axons synapse on neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei, which are the major output cells of the cerebellum.Thus, Purkinje cells are in a powerful position to modify the output of the cerebellum. Third, Purkinje cells use GABA as a neurotransmitter, so their influence on cerebellar output is inhibitory. * * * The catalytic domain of CaMKII has several binding sites for ATP and other substrate anchor proteins. It governs the enzyme’s phosphorylation and is shaped in the form of two hexameric rings. The autoinhibitory domain features a pseudosubstrate site. The pseudosubstrate site binds to the protein’s catalytic domain, thus blocking its ability to phosphorylate proteins.[8] The structural feature that governs this autoinhibition is the Threonine 286 residue. Phosphorylation of this site will permanently activate the CaMKII enzyme. Once the Threonine 286 residue has been phosphorylated, the inhibitory domain is blocked from the pseudosubstrate site. This effectively blocks autoinhibition, allowing for permanent activation of the CaMKII enzyme. This enables CamKII to be active, even in the absence of calcium and calmodulin.[9] * * * Outline 1. The basic concepts of learningmemory classification of learningmemory brain structures hosting learningmemory learningmemory in behavioral study learningmemory and neural plasticity 2. The molecular basis of learning memory studies in Aplysia studies in mouse, LTP, LTD and long term memory Aplysia： habituation sensitization