精神活性物质所致精神障碍（五年制）.pdfVIP

Psychoactive Substance Related Disorders Ying Ma,马颖 Psychiatry Department, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University *Terminology • substance, drug • addiction • dependence • abuse • tolerance • withdrawal syndrome Substance and Drug • Substance is a group of chemicals that can alter human mind and behaviors. The word “substance” is generally preferable to the word “drug”. • Illicit drugs are defined as a group of substances controlled by international and national laws, used for non-medical purpose, including opiate, cocaine, amphetamine type stimulants (ATSs), cannabis, hallucinogens, etc. * Opiates Poppy Opium Morphine heroin Amphetamine-Type Stimulants ，ATS Amphetamine Methamphetamine (ice，冰毒) MDA, MDMA (摇头丸) Others Cocaine Marijuana K e t Addiction The term addiction describes a brain disorder, with progressive, chronic, relapsing characteristics t h a t g e n e r a l l y i n v o l v e s t h e compulsion, loss of control, and continued use substance, despite a d v e r s e c o n s e q u e n c e s . Dependence Basically, two concepts have been invoked regarding the definition of dependence: • Psychological dependence: craving, compulsively substance-seeking activities and related evidence of pathological use patterns. • Physical dependence: tolerance or withdrawal. Tolerance