遗传学课件Ch04ModificationOfMendelianRatio.pptVIP

Mendel’s results were simple No two loci affected the same trait One of the two alleles was fully dominant Each locus had only two alleles Each locus was on a different chromosome Since Mendel’s work was rediscovered in the early 1900’s, Researchers have studied the many ways genes influence an individual’s phenotype. These investigations are called neo-Mendelian genetics. It is true that some types of inheritance observed by researchers did not conform to the expected Mendelian ratios: 4.1 Alleles and their’s symbols Alleles and mutations Alleles are alternate forms of the same gene The allele occurring most frequently in a population (the “normal” allele) is called the wild-type (wt) allele Wt allele is usually dominant and is expressed as the wild-type phenotype Wt allele used as “standard” for comparison of all mutations (alternative alleles) of the gene/locus A mutant allele often produces altered gene product and result to New phenotypes. Mutations are the ultimate source of new alleles. Symbols for Alleles For simple Mendelian traits: The initial letter of recessive form Lowercase = recessive allele Uppercase = dominant allele Other systems: Use 1st letter of mutant allele (or combination of 2 or 3 letters) to name all alleles at this locus If trait is recessive, use lowercase; uppercase if dominant. When no allelic dominance, uppercase letters and superscripts designate alternate alleles.(R1 and R2, LM and LN) Wild-type is indicated by the same letter (s), but with a superscript “+” (e.g. Wr and Wr + for wrinkled and wt wing alleles), or when using Wr/+ for heterozygote. For example: Ebony mutant phenotype is indicated by e Normal gray (wild-type) is indicated by e+ Three possible genotypes: e+/e+ : gray homozygote (wild type) e+/e : gray heterozygote (wild type) e /e : ebony homozygote (mutant) Or the above could be simple +/+; +/e and e/e 4.2 Incomplete Dominance Incomplete dominance is an allelic relationship where dominance is only partial.