遗传学课件Ch03MendelianGenetics.pptVIP

3.1 Gregor Johann Mendel Mendel (1822–1884) A overview of Mendel’s principles Inheritance (genes) is by “particles” rather than “blending”. Some genes are dominant and control the expression of the trait, while others are recessive, and are passed intact to the next generation (Principle of Dominance). The two alleles in a heterozygote segregate without mixing during gamete formation (Principle of Segregation). Each gene controls a different trait (Principle of Independent Assortment). Why did Mendel first reported the simple genetic principles when so many others had failed? Good organism: the pea is self-fertilizing in nature, and is easy to grow and to hybridize artificially. Good traits: Many traits do approximate the “blending” model. These are controlled by many genes and/or environmental influence. Good techniques: Mendel kept careful records and counted large numbers. Good thinking: Some understanding of probability. 3.2 the monohybrid cross and Mendel’s Principle of Segregation Symbols for cross P: The parental generation ♀: maternal generation ♂: paternal generation ×: artificial hybrid ?: self-fertilizing F1: The first filial generation F2: The second filial generation The most common allele is called the wildtype and is sometime designated by a + A cross of the F1 to a parent is a backcross (BC) Mendel’s first three postulates 1. Unit factors in pairs: Genetic characters are controlled by unit factors that exist in pairs in individuals. 2. Dominance(显性)/ Recessiveness (隐性): when two unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other, which is said to be recessive. 3. Segregation(分离)：during the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate or segregate randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood. Gene, Locus and Allele Gene: the fundamental physical of heredity. Locus: the chromosomal position of a gene. Allele: the alternative form