研究法简介.ppt

研究法簡介 何明洲 中山醫學大學心理系 Single Factor – Two Levels Single Factor – Two Levels Independent groups design: use random assignment IV, manipulated Between-subject Matched groups design: use matching procedure IV, manipulated Between-subject Single Factor – Two Levels Nonequivalent groups design IV, subject Still need to match participants Between-subject Repeated-measures design IV, manipulated Within-subject Analyzing single factor and two-level design t test for independent groups and dependent groups EXAMPLE: THE t AND F TESTS t value is a ratio of two aspects of the data, the difference between the group means and the variability within groups t = group difference within group variability Multilevel designs LINEAR VERSUS POSITIVE MONOTONIC FUNCTIONS Analyzing Single-Factor, 2 levels F Test (analysis of variance, ANOVA變異數分析) ≥ 2 conditions (or groups) When 2 conditions, F = t2 When more than 2 conditions, why not use t test? EXAMPLE: F TEST 用t test作多重比較, 至少出現一個type I error機率 1 – (1 – alpha)c (C: # of paired comparisons) 噪音程度(無,低,中,高)對記憶的影響 C = 4!/(2!2!) = 6 1-(1-.05)6 = .26 (=26%!!!) F test 同時比較多組, alpha控制在.05 H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = μ4 … EXAMPLE: F TEST Total variance = systematic variance + error variance Systematic variance: deviation of group means from the grand mean ? between-group variance Grand mean: 全部皆平均, 假設無任何因IV所引發的差異 Error variance: deviation of individual scores in each group from their respective group means ? within-group variance EXAMPLE: F TEST Total variance = systematic variance + error variance 變異的程度反應整個實驗情境和總人數所帶有的變異程度 實驗情境越多,總人數越多, 則變異程度大 不能只考慮變異程度, 須考慮平均每個實驗情境和人數, 所帶有的變異程度 F = (systematic variance/dfsystematic) / (error variance/dferror) Factorial Designs 1 IVs INCREASING THE NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: FACTORIAL DESIGNS 1 IVs Factorial Designs 多因子設計: Designs with more than one independent variable (or factor) 噪音（高 vs.低）影響雙字詞記憶 噪音（高 vs.低） x 詞頻（高 vs.低） INCREASING THE NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: FACTORIAL DESIGNS S