Effects of the Cosmological Constant as the Origin of the CosmicRay Paradox.pdfVIP

Effects of the Cosmological Constant as the Origin of the Cosmic-Ray Paradox Zhe Chang1 and Shao-Xia Chen2 Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O.Box 918(4), 100039 Beijing, China 4 0 Cheng-Bo Guan3 0 2 ICTS, University of Science and Technology of China b e 230026 Hefei, China F 9 1 3 v Abstract 9 3 We show that a tiny but non-zero positive cosmological constant, which has 4 7 been strongly suggested by the recent astronomical observations on supernovae 0 and CMBR, may change notably the behaviors of the ultrahigh energy cosmic 3 ray interacting with soft photons. The threshold anomaly of the ultrahigh energy 0 / cosmic ray disappears naturally after the effects of the cosmological constant are h p taken into account. - o r t s a : PACS numbers: 98.70.Sa, 95.85.Pw, 03.30.+p, 98.80.Es. v i X r a Recently there is great interest in the study of the ultrahigh energy cosmic ray (UHECR) and the TeV-photon paradoxes. Hundreds of events with energies above 1019eV and about 20 events above 1020eV have been observed [1]-[5]. All these ob- served events exceed the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) [6] threshold. In princi- ple, the photopion production process by the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) should decrease the energies of these protons to the level which is below the corresponding threshold. The second paradox [7] comes from the detected 20TeV pho-