美国司法制度.pptVIP

美国的三权分立制 三权分立 三权分立制度是指把国家的立法、行政、司法三种权力，分别由议会、政府、法院独立行使并相互制衡的制度。三权分立制度是根据近代分权学说建立起来的，为大多数资本主义国家所采用的国家机关组织与活动的基本制度。 美国最高法院 美国的法院体系 美国共有52个相互独立的法院系统，包括联邦法院系统、首都哥伦比亚特区法院系统和50个州法院系统。虽然联邦最高法院是全美国的最高法院，其决定对美国各级各类法院均有约束力，但是联邦法院系统并不高于州法院系统，二者之间没有管辖或隶属关系。从一定意义上讲，美国的法院系统为“双轨制”，一边是联邦法院，一边是州法院，二者平行，直到联邦最高法院。 United States - Judicial system The Supreme Court, established by the US Constitution, is the nations highest judicial body, consisting of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices. All justices are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate. Appointments are for life during good behavior, otherwise terminating only by resignation or impeachment and conviction. 最高法院，由美国宪法规定，是国家的最高司法机构，对美国和八个副首席法官组成的法官。所有法官均由同意见和参议院同意总统。任期为生命“期间表现良好”，否则只有辞职或终止弹劾和定罪。 The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is relatively narrow; as an appellate court, it is open to appeal from decisions of federal district courts, circuit courts of appeals, and the highest courts in the states, although it may dismiss an appeal if it sees fit to do so. The Supreme Court, by means of a writ of certiorari, may call up a case from a district court for review. Regardless of how cases reach it, the Court enforces a kind of unity on the decisions of the lower courts. It also exercises the power of judicial review, determining the constitutionality of state laws, state constitutions, congressional statutes, and federal regulations, but only when these are specifically challenged. 在最高法院的初审管辖权相对狭窄;作为上诉法院，它是开放的上诉由联邦地区法院的决定，巡回上诉法院，并在国家的最高法庭，虽然它可能驳回上诉，如果它看到适合这样做。最高法院通过一项移审令的手段，可调用从区法院审查案件。不论案件如何达到它，法院强制执行统一对下级法院的裁决种类。它也会行使司法审查权，决定国家的法律，州宪法，国会法令，法规和联邦宪法，但只有当这些是专门挑战。 The Constitution empowers Congress to establish all federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court. On the lowest level and handling the greatest proportion of federal cases are the district courts—including one each in Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, a