Bleaching of chemical pulp.pdfVIP

Bleaching of chemical pulp Contents Introduction 4-5 Pulp production in general 6-7 Oxygen delignification 8-9 Single stage oxygen and OxyTrac? 10-11 Chlorine dioxide bleaching 12-13 Extraction 14-15 Peroxide bleaching 16-17 Ozone bleaching 18-19 Other bleaching methods 20-21 Bleaching sequences 22-23 ECF bleaching 24-25 TCF bleaching 26-27 Bleach plant closure 28-29 Nomenclature 30-34 3 Introduction bleached market pulps were produced with The fiberline can be divided into one ‘closed’ bleaching sequences including stages with and one ‘open’ part. In the closed part - chlorine, alkali, hypochlorite, and chlorine cooking and oxygen delignification, dioxide. In the 1970s oxygen delignification chemicals used and material dissolved from was commercialized. Oxygen delignification the wood are washed out from the pulp. The was placed between cooking and bleaching wash liquor is then concentrated in the to reduce the lignin content kappa number evaporation plant and burned in the of pulp before bleaching. Since then, the recovery boiler, generating heat and main target of bleaching process inorganic chemicals for further conversion to development has been to reduce the fresh cooking chemicals. bleaching cost and to minimize the impact on the environment. The bleach plant has traditionally been open. This means that the material dissolved During the latter part of the 1980s and the and the chemicals used are discharged to first years of the 1990s the bleaching trend the effluent treatment system or directly to shifted rapidly from conventional sequences the recipient. This material often contains using chlorine gas and hypo-chlorite chlorides and if these liquors should be towards sequences with chlorine dioxide as recycled severe corrosion would occur. A the only chlorine based chemical. These recovery of the dissolved material can be sequences are named ECF or Elemental problematic even when no chemicals Chlorine Free. This development was a result conta