Chemical Thermodynamics Revisited.pptVIP

Chapter 17 Chemical Thermodynamics Revisited Dr. Lihua Wang Entropy 熵 Entropy S is a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system. Third Law of Thermodynamics The entropy of a perfect crystalline substance is zero at the absolute zero of temperature. Entropy Change Entropy change of a system is equal to the heat change during a reversible, constant temperature process divided by the T: ΔS qr/T Standard Entropy at 298.15 K The absolute value of standard entropy at 298.15 K can be calculated: Entropy For the same substance, For the same type of substances, the higher the molar mass, the _____ the standard entropy. For the substances of the same molar mass but different structure, the more complex the molecule, the ______ the standard entropy. For the same substance, the higher the temperature, the ________ the entropy. Pressure has little effect on a substance in its liquid and solid state. For a substance in its gaseous state, the higher the pressure, the _______ the entropy. Standard Entropy Changes for Reactions Entropy changes for reactions can be determined similarly to ?H for reactions. Standard Entropy Changes of Reactions When gases are produced or consumed If a reaction produces more gas molecules than it consumes, ΔS0 or 0. If the total number of gas molecules diminishes, ΔS0 or 0. If there is no net change in the total number of gas molecules, then ΔSo ___________________ ___________________________________. Spontaneous Chemical and Physical Processes A waterfall runs downhill A lump of sugar dissolves in a cup of coffee At 1 atm, water freezes below 0 0C and ice melts above 0 0C Heat flows from a hotter object to a colder object Second Law of Thermodynamics The entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process Spontaneous process: Second Law of Thermodynamics According to the 2nd law of Thermodynamics: __________________________________ During a constant temperature and constant pressure process: q ΔH _