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Optical Fiber Technology 16 (2010) 20–45 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Optical Fiber Technology /locate/yofte Optical performance monitoring for the next generation optical communication networks Zhongqi Pan a,*, Changyuan Yu b, Alan E. Willner c a Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504-3890, United States b Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore c Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Today’s optical networks function are in a fairly static fashion and are built to operate within well- Received 21 July 2009 defined specifications. This scenario is quite challenging for next generation high-capacity systems, since Available online 6 November 2009 network paths are not static and channel-degrading effects can change with temperature, component drift, aging, fiber plant maintenance and many other factors. Moreover, we are far from being able to sim- Keywords: ply ‘‘plug-and-play” an optical node into an existing network in such a way that the network itself can Optical networks allocate resources to ensure error-free transmission. Optical performance monitoring could potentially Fiber impairments enable higher stability, r