Modeling and Control of Quantum SystemsAn Introduction.pdfVIP

1898 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL, VOL. 57, NO. 8, AUGUST 2012 Modeling and Control of Quantum Systems: An Introduction Claudio Altafini, Member, IEEE, and Francesco Ticozzi Abstract— The scope of this work is to provide a self-contained Optimal control in the context of reaction dynamics and other introduction to a selection of basic theoretical aspects in the mod- aspects of the problem are reviewed e.g., in [5], [9], [10]. eling and control of quantum mechanical systems, as well as a brief Pulse Sequences Design in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance survey on the main approaches to control synthesis. While part of (NMR): In NMR spectroscopy, the system (an ensemble of the existing theory, especially in the open-loop setting, stems di- rectly from classical control theory (most notably geometric con- atomic or nuclear spins) is typically steered by means of trol and optimal control), a number of tools specifically tailored sequences of strong electromagnetic pulses [11]–[13]. The for quantum systems have been developed since the 1980s, in order bewildering range of open loop control methods developed in to take into account their distinctive features: the probabilistic na- NMR over the last 60 years has, until only recently [14], [15], ture of atomic-scale physical systems, the effect of dissipation and passed unnoticed by the control community. Alongside piece- the irreversible character of the measurements have all proved to wise constant controls, these methods include also averaging be critical in feedback-design problems. The relevant dynamical