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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, VOL. I S . 6 3 5 4 5 1 (1987) AMPLIFICATION FACTORS FOR INELASTIC DYNAMIC p-A EFFECTS IN EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS DIONISIO BERNAL Depurtment of Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, M A 021 15, U.S.A. SUMMARY In the present study, the question of inelasticp-A effects is examined from the perspective of inelastic spectral ordinates. Inelasticacceleration response spectra are generatedusing a model which includes the effects of gravity;for each spectrum the ductility factor and the gravity load level (characterizedby the stability coefficient) are held constant. Amplification spectra are generated by taking the ratio between spectra with and without gravity effects. The results are analysed statistically and a formula for the amplification factor as a function of the relevant parameters is obtained. Specialcare is taken to present a formulation that is simple and useful in the context of practical earthquake engineering design. Some currently used FA amplification factors are discussed in the light of the results obtained. INTRODUCTION The action of gravity loads acting through structural deformations is known as the p-A effect. In elastic structures subjected to static loads this effect increases the response beyond the values obtained in a first order analysis. Although second order analyses are certainly possible, the PA effect is usually accounted for using slenderness amplification formulae. , When considering the response of structures to dynamic loads the gravitydrift interaction increases the natural periods of ~ i b r a t i o n . ~Th