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《Effective bending modulus of carbon nanotubes with rippling deformation》.pdf
International Journal of Solids and Structures 41 (2004) 6429–6439
/locate/ijsolstr
Effective bending modulus of carbon nanotubes
with rippling deformation
X. Wang *, Y.C. Zhang, X.H. Xia, C.H. Huang
Department of Engineering Mechanics, The School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Shanghai Jiaotong University,
Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Received 31 August 2003; received in revised form 20 April 2004
Available online 17 June 2004
Abstract
This paper concerned with the relation of the bending moment to the bending curvature during bending of carbon
nanotubes, and the relation between the rippling formation and the bending modulus. Based on the three-dimensional
orthotropic theory of finite elasticity deformation, a non-linear bending moment–curvature relationship of carbon
nanotubes which is the appearance of wavelike distortion on the inner arc of the bent nanotubes is simulated by using
an advanced finite element analysis package, ABAQUS. Utilizing the non-linear bending moment–curvature
relationship, the effective bending modulus of carbon nanotubes with different cross-sections are obtained by means of a
bi-linear theory and a simplified vibration analysis method. The effective bending modulus of carbon nanotubes sim-
ulated in the paper is close to the measuring result presented in reference [Science 283 (1999) 1513].
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Carbon nanotubes; Effective bending modulus; Non-linear-bending deformation; Ripple deformation
1. Introduction
Since their initial discovery by Iijima (19
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