《fibre bundles》.pdfVIP

CHAPTER 2 Fiber Bundles 1. Basic Definitions and Examples We have already encountered examples of manifolds that possess some ad- ditional structure, such as the tangent bundle T M of an n-dimensional manifold M. In this case, each point of T M has a neighborhood diffeomorphic to a prod- uct U x ~n, where U is an open set in M. Of course, TM itself need not be diffeomorphic to M x ~n. In most of the sequel, we will be concerned with manifolds that, roughly speaking, look locally like products. As usual, all maps are assumed to be differentiable. DEFINITION 1.1. Let F, M, B denote manifolds, G a Lie group acting effectively on F (i.e., if g(p) = p for all p E F, then g = e). A coordinate bundle over the base space B with total space M, fiber F, and structure group G is a surjective map 7f : M B, called the bundle projection, together with a bundle atlas A = {(7f- 1(Ua,), (7f, ¢a)}aEA on M; i.e., (1) {Ua}aEA is an open cover of B. (2) (7f, ¢a) : 7f-1(Ua ) Ua x F is a diffeomorphism, called a bundle chart. Notice that for p E Ua, ¢al7r-1(p) : 7f-1(p) F is a diffeomorphism. Ifp also belongs to U{3, then ¢ (317r -1 (p) : 7f -1 (p) F need not coincide with ¢a; however, they must differ by the operation of some element in G. To be specific: (3) For a,/3 E A, there is a smooth map fa,{3 : Ua n U{3 G, called the 1 tmnsitionfunctionfrom ¢a to ¢(3 given by fa,{3(P) = ¢{3o(¢al7r- (p))-1 : F F; equivalently, ¢(3I7r-1(uanu/3) = (fa,{3 0 7f) . ¢al7r-1(uanu/3)