禁忌语与委婉语.pptVIP

禁忌语与委婉语 Taboos and Euphemisms 1.禁忌语 1）定义：在语言交际中，有一些词语是不能随便说的，说出来就可能会引起听话人的不快和反感，这就是语言学上所说的“禁忌语”。禁忌语指人们在说话时，由于某种原因，不能、不敢或不愿说出某些具有不愉快的联想色彩的词语。而以之代替的词语，如把亲属或别人死亡说成“逝世”，“升天”之类；把“上厕所”说成“方便”等，还有人名禁忌，生理缺陷禁忌等。 2）产生 禁忌语本是古时人们的迷信的说法，在不同的场合，就会有不同的禁忌，如果不慎说出，则会有相应的报应之说。不同的地域有不同的禁忌语，因为宗教信仰，民俗生活以及教育领域等的不同影响，致使人们对于生活中的禁忌语不断地完善，至今，禁忌语也成了一种语言上的文化遗产。 2. 汉英禁忌语(Chinese and English taboos) 1）常见英文禁忌词语：Common offensive English words God, Jesus, hell, bastard rascal, shit, a bit of shit, pigs, prick, gosh, bosh to hell with it! to make love to sb; have sex with sb. fuck, tits, Jesus Christ, Holy Mary, son of a bitch Damn. Damn it. Hell You chicken! That cur! Son of bitch! You’re the fat. 2)英文中令人窘迫的话语（Awful questions in English） How old are you? What’s your religion? How much do you make? How much did the dress cost you? Do you go to church? Are you a Catholic? Are you married or single? Are you a Republican or a Democrat? Why did you vote for ---? So you’re divorced. What’s the reason? How to deal with English Taboos 在英美人士的眼里，薪水、房租、财产、年龄、婚姻、健康状况等都属于个人隐私范畴，日常交际中很少提及。然而有些情况下，这方面的话题会不可避免地牵涉到。比如在就业面试、入境检查、社会保险号或是户籍登记等一些公共场合，询问年龄就事出必然，非问不可，怎么办？即使在这些场合，询问也应客气得体，常见的问法有如下几种： Your age, please? What’s your age, please? May I know your age? I’d like to know your age. Could you let me know your age? Please tell me your age. 此外，比较麻烦的就是有关健康方面的表达。假如明显见到对方重病在身，自己不得不谈起对方的健康状况时，该如何开口呢？不妨选用以下提法： Are you feeling better? Try and give you some rest. Have you been to the doctor? I do hope you’ll better soon. Look after.. Take care of yourself. 3)常见英国传统迷信禁忌 There must be a pot of gold or treasure at the end of a rainbow. One should make a wish on a falling star. When someone sneezes, you should say “God bless you!” If someone sees only one cricket in his house, it must be very lucky. If one breaks a mirror, he or she is believed to be unlucky. A black cat cannot be given as a present, because the black cat is regarded as an omen of bad luck. 4)禁忌词语的分类： a. 与神灵、宗教有关 b. 涉及到某些身体部位的 c. 与生老病死有关的 d. 与传说有关的 e. 与性别歧视有