Supercritical extract(超临界).ppt

Supercritical Fluid Extraction Historical The first reported observation of the occurrence of a supercritical phase was made by Baron Cagniard de la Tour in 1822. He noted visually that the gas-liquid boundary disappeared when the temperature of certain materials was increased by heating each of them in a closed glass container. From these early experiments, the critical point of a substance was first discovered. Historical The first workers have been done to demonstrate the solvating power of supercritical fluids for solids in 1879. In 1970 a significant development in supercritical fluid extraction(SFE), provided incentive for extensive future work, which involved decaffeination of green coffee with CO2. Historical Historical Since 1980, there has been rapid development of SFE for the extraction of (1) hops; (2) cholesterol from butter; (3) perfumes and flavors from natural products; (4) residual solvents and monomers from polymers; (5) unsaturated fatty acids from fish oils. Properties of supercritical fluids A supercritical fluid is any substance above its critical temperature and critical pressure. In the supercritical area there is only one state-of-the-fluid and it possesses both gas- and liquid-like properties. Phase diagram---（P---T） Properties of supercritical fluids A supercritical fluid exhibits physicochemical properties intermediate between those of liquids and gases. Characterisitics of a supercritical fluid are : Dense gas Solubilities approaching liquid phase Diffusivities approaching gas phase. 超临界流体的选择性 超临界萃取剂的临界温度越接近操作温度，则溶解度越大。临界温度相同的萃取剂，与被萃取溶质化学性质越相似，溶解能力越大。因此应该选取与被萃取溶质相近的超临界流体作为萃取剂。 超临界流体的选择原则 用作萃取剂的超临界流体应具备以下条件: 化学性质稳定，对设备没有腐蚀性，不与萃取物反应； 临界温度应接近常温或操作温度，不宜太高或太低； 操作温度应低于被萃取溶质的分解变质温度； 临界压力低，以节省动力费用； 对被萃取物的选择性高（容易得到纯产品）； 纯度高，溶解性能好，以减少溶剂循还用量； 货源充足，价格便宜，如果用于食品和医药工业，还应考虑选择无毒的气体。 提高萃取剂选择性的基本原则是 ①按相似相溶原则，选用的超临界流体与被萃取物质的化学性质越相似，溶解能力就越大。 ②从操作角度看，使用超临界流体为萃取剂时的操作温度越接近临界温度，溶解能力也越大。 2.3.1.2 选择萃取剂的主要因素 本身为惰性，且对人体和原料应完全无害； 具有适当的临界压力，以减少压缩费用，具有低的沸点；